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Long COVID

"Post COVID" redirects here. For the South Park special, see South Park: Post Covid.

Long COVID
Other namesLong-haul COVID, post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-COVID-19 condition, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), chronic COVID syndrome[1]
SymptomsHighly varied, including post-exertional malaise (symptoms worsen with effort), fatigue, muscle pain, shortness of breath, chest pain and cognitive dysfunction ("brain fog")[2]
DurationWeeks to years, possibly lifelong[3]
CausesCOVID-19 infection
Risk factorsFemale sex, age, obesity, asthma, more severe COVID-19 infection[4]
Frequency50–70% of hospitalised COVID-19 cases, 10–30% of non-hospitalised cases, and 10–12% of vaccinated cases[3]

Long COVID or long-haul COVID is a group of health problems persisting or developing after an initial period of COVID-19 infection. Symptoms can last weeks, months or years and are often debilitating.[3] The World Health Organization defines long COVID as starting three months after the initial COVID-19 infection, but other agencies define it as starting at four weeks after the initial infection.[2]

Long COVID is characterised by a large number of symptoms that sometimes disappear and then reappear. Commonly reported symptoms of long COVID are fatigue, memory problems, shortness of breath, and sleep disorder.[5][4][6] Several other symptoms, including headaches, mental health issues, loss of smell or taste, muscle weakness, fever, and cognitive dysfunction may also present.[5][6] Symptoms often get worse after mental or physical effort, a process called post-exertional malaise.[5] There is a large overlap in symptoms with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).[2]

The causes of long COVID are not yet fully understood. Hypotheses include lasting damage to organs and blood vessels, problems with blood clotting, neurological dysfunction, persistent virus or a reactivation of latent viruses and autoimmunity.[3] Diagnosis of long COVID is based on (suspected or confirmed) COVID-19 infection or symptoms—and by excluding alternative diagnoses.[7][8]

Estimates of the prevalence of long COVID vary based on definition, population studied, time period studied, and methodology, generally ranging between 5% and 50%.[9] Prevalence is less after vaccination.[10] Risk factors are higher age, female sex, having asthma, and a more severe initial COVID-19 infection.[4] As of 2023, there are no validated effective treatments.[3][5] Management of long COVID depends on symptoms. Rest is recommended for fatigue and pacing for post-exertional malaise. People with severe symptoms or those who were in intensive care may require care from a team of specialists.[11] Most people with symptoms at 4 weeks recover by 12 weeks. Recovery is slower (or plateaus) for those still ill at 12 weeks.[11] For a subset of people, for instance those meeting the criteria for ME/CFS, symptoms are expected to be lifelong.[3]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference defnLancet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference pmid37433988 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ (March 2023). "Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 21 (3): 133–146. doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2. PMC 9839201. PMID 36639608.
  4. ^ a b c Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B (November 2022). "Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 226 (9): 1593–1607. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac136. PMC 9047189. PMID 35429399.
  5. ^ a b c d "Long COVID or post-COVID conditions". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services. 2023-07-20. Archived from the original on 2022-01-14. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference pmid35124265 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention_2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid37182545 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Ledford H (June 2022). "How common is long COVID? Why studies give different answers". Nature. 606 (7916): 852–853. Bibcode:2022Natur.606..852L. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-01702-2. PMID 35725828. S2CID 249887289.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Byambasuren_2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference pmid36137612 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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